Consider the following statements Statement 1: All scholars are microbiologists.

Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement 1: All scholars are microbiologists.

Statement 2: Some microbiologists are scientists.

Conclusions:

a. All scholars are scientists.

b. Some scholars are scientists.

c. Some scientists are microbiologists.

d. Some microbiologists are scholars.

Which of the conclusions logically follow from the above statements?

1. A. All of the four
2. B. c and d only (Correct answer)
3. C. c only
4. D. None of the four

Correct Answer

Option B — c and d only

Detailed Solution & Explanation

The correct answer is c and d only.

Key Points

• *All scholars are microbiologists* converts to some microbiologists are scholars — conclusion d follows.
• *Some microbiologists are scientists* converts symmetrically to some scientists are microbiologists — conclusion c follows.
• So exactly c and d follow.

Additional Information

• Conclusion a (*all scholars are scientists*) fails: only *some* microbiologists are scientists, and the scholars need not fall among them.
• Conclusion b (*some scholars are scientists*) fails for the same reason — the middle term *microbiologists* is undistributed, so no link between scholars and scientists is established.
• A particular premise (*some…*) can never yield a universal conclusion, and two premises cannot establish a connection unless the middle term is distributed at least once.

*Ministry of Papers worked solution. The Commission has not yet published the official key for this paper; this answer will be reconciled with it on release.*